Effects of substrate composition on cap diameter (CD) and stalk length (SL) of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth, 2021, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; n = 20. (PDF) Oyster mushroom: cultivation and processing practices - ResearchGate The lowest mean CD was recorded in T2 (1.65cm), which was significantly different from all the treatments except for T3, T7, T8, and T9. What Are Oyster Mushrooms? - The Spruce Eats PDF P-ISSN: Oyster mushroom farming: A paradigm shift in income and The shortest FH (7.5 days) was observed in T2, which was statistically different from all the treatments except T7, T8, and T9. Overall, it can be justified that water hyacinth biomass can be good alternative substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation compared to teff straw. Scratching is required to stimulate the mycelium to produce mushroom primordia uniformly on the surface. Rich in nutrients Oyster mushrooms are loaded with fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients. Water hyacinth biomass was supplemented with straw (wheat, Triticum aestivum, and teff or Eragrostis Teff) at a ratio of 1:1, 1:3, or 3:1. Which natural treatments can help people with breast cancer? Shirmila J., Athira S., Devika A., Aishwarya N., Parvathy A., Merry D. Bioconversion of water hyacinth as an alternate substrate for mushroom (, Tesfaw A., Tadesse A., Kiros G. Optimization of oyster (, Ibekwe I., Azubuike I., Ezeji U., Chinakwe C. Effects of nutrient sources and environmental factors on the cultivation and yield of oyster mushroom (. However, most deformed mushrooms may be traced to insufficient ventilation, smoke, chemical vapors, overheated substrate during spawn run, extreme low fruiting temperature (below 10C), and insufficient light. For increasing levels of spawn used (up to 5 percent), there is a negative correlation between spawn rate and days to production. Wu L. C., and C. W. Bretzloff. The reviews authors suggest that mushrooms may have antioxidant properties thanks to components such as ergothioneine and glutathione. The funding body does not have any role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. Meanwhile, finely chop 1 small shallot and the leaves from tender herbs until you have 1 tablespoon of each. nutrition, recipes, history, uses & more! International J. Med. Gateri W., Muriuki W., Waiganjo W., Ngeli P. Cultivation and commercialization of edible mushrooms in Kenya: a review of prospects and challenges of smallholder production. To date, these have been well received by consumers. After pasteurization is complete, filtered air (HEPA filter, 99.9 percent efficiency) is passed through the substrate for cooling (approximately 1.5 hours). Based on the results of this study, significantly shorter periods of time (21 to 25 days) were elapsed for mycelium invasion (MI) in T1 (100% wheat straw) followed by T4 (75% wheat straw+25% water hyacinth), T2 (100% teff straw), and T5 (50% wheat straw+50%water hyacinth). Decurrent gills that are close. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Finally, the economic return (ER) of all the treatments was calculated. Spawn run in bags usually requires less time (depending on the amount of spawn used) than spawn run in bottles. Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus.Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. They may not have a stem. Biotechnol. Bottles are filled and capped (A), autoclaved (B), the substrate is inoculated and incubated (C), and mushrooms are induced to fruit (D). Supermarket display showing various mushroom types, including oyster mushrooms. Since researchers have not thoroughly studied mushrooms, it is possible that they could negatively interact with medications. Antioxidants may help reduce the effects of oxidative damage and age-related decline, potentially lowering the risk of cancer. The top opening of each bag was plugged with cotton and a tube was attached to it for adequate aeration. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. grown worldwide (Table 2). We avoid using tertiary references. Fungal infestation may be more of a problem when substrates are supplemented with nitrogen-rich nutrients -- especially if the supplements are not commercial delayed-release nutrients. Water hyacinth coverage survey report on Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. After excess water was drained, they were dried in a shade until the required moisture content was achieved. Oyster Mushroom - Edible Wild Food Shah F., Khan S. S., Khan M., Tanveer A. Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju on wheat straw, water hyacinth and their combinations. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significance of variation between the different parameters on the production parameters. 1Bahir Dar University, Department of Biology, Ethiopia, 2Bahir Dar University, Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Ethiopia. The prospect of the oyster mushroom market still has considerable opportunities. Mushrooms News 48(12): 12-14. Typically, they. Inhalation of spores may cause flu-like symptoms among sensitized workers. Oyster Mushrooms Recipe (Quick Saute With Herbs) | The Kitchn By 1997, only 32 percent of world production was A. bisporus. Mushrooms of genus, Kivaisi K., Magingo F. S. S., Mamiro B. Add the mushrooms and stir to coat them in oil. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Four replications with a total of 36 bags were used for the study. Instead of individual mushrooms, they grow in clusters, similar to oyster beds. Yellow oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus cornucopiae) fruiting from pasteurized substrate (75 percent cottonseed hulls, 24 percent chopped wheat straw, and 1 percent ground limestone) contained in black bags suspended from overhead supports (MRC). Thus, growers need potentially higher incomes to help offset the increased risks associated with producing Pleurotus spp. Marketing of oyster mushrooms in the United States is a relatively new enterprise. As far as biological efficiency (weight of biomass) is concerned, higher values for both parameters indicate better growth. Click, All listed plants are found in central-east Canada and Often grow in a shelf-like formation with overlapping clusters. Oyster mushroom was cultivated on different substrates viz. However, there has been a growing interest in the selection of substrates having multiple advantages. At the end of the spawn run period, 4 hours of light may be provided daily by cool white fluorescent bulbs. In the United States, masks are worn to filter out spores released from the maturing mushrooms (Figure 10). The mean total yield recorded in T1, T4, T5, and T6 showed significant differences from the yield recorded in all other treatments (p 0.05). Royse, D. J. However, mushrooms are not a viable substitute for medical cancer treatments, and the studies on their use have not proven any specific benefits in humans. The caps are rolled into a convex shape when . Oyster mushrooms have a mild flavor with a tender, meaty texture. Increasing the amount of spawn used (up to 5 percent of the wet weight of the substrate) has resulted in increased yields. La biologia y el cultivo de Pleurotus spp. Zadrazil, F. 1980. Similarly, the mean longest stalk (3.69cm) was recorded in T1 followed by T4 (3.41cm), and the shortest mean stalk (1.29cm) was recorded for T2. A large-capacity, scale-mounted feed mixer is used at the Mushroom Research Center (MRC) to process Pleurotus spp. Oysters are saprotrophic so they are found growing on logs, or on unhealthy or dying trees. Pages 35-39 in Wuest, P. J., and G. D. Bengtson (eds) Penn State Handbook for Commercial Mushroom Growers, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. However, research does not support the idea that they can replace standard medical therapies. A substrate with a higher value of B:C is taken as more preferable. in China. Synytsya A., Mickova K., Jablonsky I., Slukova M., Copikova J. 58: 527-531. . 31: 499-503. By using a spawn rate of 5 percent of the wet substrate weight, it is possible to reduce the time to production by more than 7 days compared to a spawn rate of 1.25 percent. This will have additional advantage as utilizing this biomass is also a means of controlling its negative effect on the aquatic ecosystem which is especially threatening huge lakes in Ethiopia such as Lake Tana. http://www.bdu.edu.et/sites/default/files/publication/Waterhacinth_LakeTana_ReportSeries2.pdf. Identification, health, At the same time, product quality should increase, thus furthering demand. It is the ratio of gross income from the selling of mushrooms produced in each treatment to the total cost incurred to obtain and/or to process each substrate. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 26 software. In the United States, some growers currently are marketing over-wrapped packages containing several species of mushrooms. Jennifer O., Devi L. J. Bioconversion of selected solid wastes by control cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida and its nutrient analysis. Royse, D. J. The two growth parameters measured, namely, cap diameter (CD) and stalk length (SL) of the oyster mushroom against the various substrate compositions (treatments) varied seemingly due to the different factors intrinsic to the substrate (wheat and teff straw and water hyacinth biomass). Mean cap diameter (CD) and mean stalk length (SL) of oyster mushrooms were significantly different (p 0.05) between the treatments evaluated (Table 3). This is due to the fact that the stalks contained more insoluble dietary fibers than the caps. One of the biological methods is using such biomass as a substrate for mushroom cultivation [21], and such controlling by utilization approach has recently gained great attention [22]. Maximize your mushrooms. Rather, it means that scientists have not thoroughly tested them. Thus youll find them growing on logs or sick or dying trees. B: C=benefit-cost ratio: ETB=Ethiopian Birr (currency): Estimated labor cost to collect water hyacinth from the field (the lake). (green mold). Thus, growers could complete the crop cycle faster, minimizing the exposure of the production substrate to pest infestations, especially sciarid (Lycoriella mali [Fitch]) flies. Figure 1. In some cases, mushrooms may be perfectly safe, but they could also harmfully interact with other treatments and medications. These standards include verification of inoculum production performance before it is used to produce spawn and insurance of the spawn's biological purity and vigor. The oyster mushroom is a saprotroph, meaning it feeds on dead and decaying matter (mainly wood). In 1970, researchers successfully preserved and maintained stability of spawn stocks of A. bisporus stored in liquid nitrogen. Gills are white and decurrent. The weight (yield) of the oyster mushroom in each treatment was recorded separately at the first, second, and third harvesting stages (flush), and the sum of the weight was considered as a total yield (Table 4). Scientific research studying the benefits of mushrooms is relatively new. Zhang Y., Zhang D., Barrett S. Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of water hyacinth (. Beginner's Guide to Safely Foraging for production are chopped wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L) or cottonseed hulls (Gossypium hirsutum L) or mixtures of both. Symptoms of the disease include reduced yield and orange discoloration and brittleness of the basidiocarps (Figure 9). A few studies suggest that oyster mushrooms ( Pleurotus ostreatus) may have anticancer properties. mushroom substrates for filling into pasteurization containers. What has happened since Paul Stamets Turkey Tail Cancer - Reddit Medicinal and nutritional benefits of oyster mushroom Yingyue S., Min G., Jin Q., et al. Figure 2. Spawn of various oyster mushroom species may be purchased from commercial spawn makers who usually provide instructions for its use. Water hyacinth a potential source for value addition: an overview. This study was conducted in Bahir Dar city (the capital city of the Amhara region), located 565km away from of Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia). All data supporting the findings of this study are included in the paper; however, detailed data can be obtained from the corresponding author on request. Depending on the type and stage of cancer, doctors may recommend alternative treatments besides chemotherapy. Symptoms of mushrooms produced on substrate infested with P. tolaasii include orange discoloration, brittleness, reduced shelf life, and reduced yield. Infected mushrooms have a reduced shelf life. Oyster mushrooms, the common name for the species Pleurotus ostreatus, are one of the most common types of cultivated mushrooms in the world. Then, both the water hyacinth and the straw were chopped into small pieces (about 4-6cm) and heat treated by immersing them into boiling water for 30 minutes, followed by drying in open air [30, 31]. The most common bacterial problem encountered by growers is Pseudomonas tolaasii. Oyster mushrooms typically are packaged and sold at retail in units of 100 grams (3.5 ounces). Researchers also have not thoroughly investigated the anticancer properties of mushrooms generally or oyster mushrooms specifically. The highest meant total BE was obtained from T1 (100% wheat straw). Supraclavicular lymph node swelling often occurs because of cancer or. This city is situated at the southern shore of Lake Tana, the biggest lake in Ethiopia. Influence of four spawn rates (1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 percent of substrate wet weight) on Pleurotus cornucopiae mushroom yield (A) and days to production (B). Royse, D. J., and S. A. Zaki. Dubey D., Dhakal B., Dhami K., et al. Agricultural wastes such as wheat and teff straws are among the common substrates used for mushroom production. Bottle production also is increasing in popularity in the United States. Mushrooms have also been an important part of folk and traditional medicine for generations. The results of this study demonstrate that water hyacinth biomass (an aquatic weed) alone or supplemented with wheat or teff straw can provide promising performances in oyster mushroom development, growth, yield, and biological efficiency compared to the competitive substrates (wheat and teff straw). Get our best recipes, grocery finds, and clever kitchen tips delivered to your inbox. What Are Oyster Mushrooms? Add the shallots, 1 tablespoon unsalted butter, 1/2 teaspoon . The study was conducted from January to June 2021 to evaluate the potential use of hyacinth biomass for the production of the oyster mushroom. P. Introduction. Read on to learn more about oyster mushrooms for cancer. Technical Guidelines for Mushroom Growing in the Tropics. cultivation. This approach can be very cheap and also help eradicate such aquatic weed through converting it into a value-added bioproduct. From specialty to mainstream. And are there mushrooms that could look like this and be poisonous? In this study, the highest economic return (148) was obtained for 100% water hyacinth followed by the use of 25% teff straw+75% water hyacinth with a B:C value of 57.73. OYSTER MUSHROOM: CULTIVATION, BIOACTIVE SIGNIFICANCE AND COMMERCIAL STATUS In book: Frontiers in Life Science (Volume II) ISBN: 978-81-953600-8-6 (pp.21-30) Publisher: Bhumi Publishing, Nigave. They are found on hardwoods throughout the world in the spring and fall. P. ostreatus contains important essential nutrients for human nutrition. Growing Mushrooms. Theyre easily cultivated and one of the top commercially grown mushrooms. The time (days) required to start pinhead formation (PF) of oyster mushrooms was significantly different (p 0.05) between the different substrates (Table 2). From 1997 to 2002, the price of oyster mushrooms has declined an average of $0.22/kg ($0.10/lb) per year to $4.40/kg ($2.00/ lb). In the United States, Bacillus thuringiensis var. Mushroom Sci. Agricultural Statistics Board. Onchonga N. A., Oima D., Oginda M. Utilization of water hyacinth as an alternative substrate for mushroom farming: a study of vihiga mushroom project in western Kenya. Similarly, a varying length of periods of time (days) (3.50-6.25 days) were elapsed for pinhead formation in the different substrate compositions (PF). "As an oncologist unfamiliar with medicinal mushrooms, I do not know what role, if any, the turkey tail mushroom therapy played in her response. NE, BS, SG, and HA designed the study. You can grow oyster mushrooms at home! 1995. This cereal grain/mycelium mixture is called spawn and is used to seed mushroom substrate. On some commercial mushroom farms, ingredients are fed into revolving mixers, water is added to the desired level, and live steam is injected into the mixer while in operation. Oyster mushroom primordia are very sensitive to chemical vapors, so using pesticide to control insects is difficult. Add the mushrooms and stir to coat them in oil. Stalks are short and stout measuring 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches). Use of supplements, however, may cause overheating of the substrate if growers are unable to anticipate and control air temperatures to maintain a steady substrate temperature. In all harvests, a declining trend of the yield was observed from the first to third harvesting stages. [17] demonstrated a promising yield of oyster mushrooms on water hyacinth biomass, owing to its ideal C: N ratio and low lignin content of its biomass. These mushrooms are saprotrophic, meaning they feed on dead material, in this case wood. Oyster mushroom production is on the increase in the United States. Means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p 0.05). This increase reflects an international trend toward increased production of this crop. 1999. The shortest time was observed in T2 (3.5 days), which was significantly different from all treatments except for T7, T8, and T9. immunotherapy to help the immune system fight cancer. Oyster Mushroom: Identification, Foraging, and Cooking Distinguishing Features. In the United States, the primary ingredients used for Pleurotus spp. Some wild plants are poisonous or can have serious adverse health effects. Ethnomycological study of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Menge Many different treatments exist for cancer. A small number of studies on animals and studies of human cancer in a laboratory setting suggest that some mushrooms, including oyster mushrooms, may have anticancer benefits. All rights reserved. Use of various flytraps and adherence to strict hygiene practices, particularly during spawning and spawn run, help keep fly populations below economic threshold levels. Comparative study on effect of different substrates on yield performance of oyster mushroom. Oyster mushrooms are at once both toothsome and tender, with all that good meatiness that mushrooms are known for. Lowering RH to 80 to 85 percent, and sprinkling the surface of the bags between flushes with 0.2 percent bleach solution may help maintain control. It's contain very important supply of. Pleurotus fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. [43] reported that the size of the cap is influenced by aeration and the amount of light, which were not controlled in this study. The People's Republic of China is the major producer of edible mushrooms, producing about 3,918,300 tons each year--or about 64 percent of the world's total. They are one of the easiest types of mushrooms to grow, due to their fast growth, wide variety of po tential substrates and tolerance to growing conditions. Anteneh W., Tewabe D., Assefa A., Zeleke A., Tenaw B., Wassie Y. Let's take a closer look at oyster mushroom identification. Great edible mushrooms aren't only found in the wildyou can also cultivate them at home. Facts About Oyster Mushrooms. Fr.) Moreover, the substrate used for its cultivation needs only pasteurization (does not require a more expensive methodsterilization), their fruiting bodies are not often attacked by diseases and pests, and generally, they can be cultivated in simple and cheap ways. In-depth wild edible PDFs. They are rarely found on conifers as well. China also produces more than 85 percent of all oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) After spawning, the bags or bottles may be moved to a spawn run room where air temperature is maintained at 18-2C. The caps usually range between 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) and are shaped like a fan or an oyster. The root part of the water hyacinth was excluded and the remaining part was washed followed by drying it in open air [30]. The longest FH was recorded in T3 (10.25 days), though statistically different only in T2. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Spawn frequently is shipped from the manufacturer to growers in the same aseptic containers used for spawn production. Kumm (oyster mushroom) on different substrates. Substrates that have only been pasteurized are more susceptible to infestation than substrates that have been pasteurized and conditioned. Wild Mushrooms, Wild food can help treat various medical conditions. Aisha M., Elattar S. M., Hassan S. F., Allah A. Abstract The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Yield increases may be due to several factors. Horticulture Reviews 19: 59-97. The increase in United States production is due to increased consumer demand and the relatively high compensation growers receive for the product. Researchers found that having more mushrooms in the diet correlated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer, especially breast cancer. The results were recorded as mean standarddeviation and presented in tables. Muswati C., Simango K., Tapfumaneyi L., Mutetwa M., Ngezimana W. The effects of different substrate combinations on growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It should be noted that both types of straw (wheat and teff) are in demand in Ethiopia as they are utilized for cattle feed [45]. Oyster mushrooms are grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that become interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grain (usually rye or millet). Quimio, T. H., S. T. Chang, and D. J. Royse. Exposure can be minimized by introducing higher volumes of fresh air 1 to 2 hours before harvesting and by wearing a proper mask. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is one of the most common types of cultivated mushrooms in the world.It is the second largest commercially produced mushroom next to Agaricus bisporus globally, especially in Southeast Asia, India, Europe, and Africa [1-3].Oyster mushroom cultivation has several advantages over other edible mushrooms. government site. Meleyna is a recipe developer, food photographer, and champion of home cooking. In addition, based on most parameters, water hyacinth biomass is found to be better substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation compared to teff straw. All information, photographs and web content contained in this website is Copyright EdibleWildFood.com 2021. israeliensis (Bti), when incorporated into the substrate at spawning, has shown excellent effectiveness against sciarid flies. Substrates with a high biomass return that can pose environmental problems can be good alternatives for mushroom cultivation due to multiple advantages. While common in Asian cuisines, theyve gained popularity far and wide over the years. This mixture of cottonseed hulls and wheat straw has a higher water holding capacity than cottonseed hulls used alone. Learn more here. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. The straw (wheat and teff) was collected from local farmers in the vicinity of Bahir Dar city. Large clusters of deformed oyster mushroom tissue resembling "cauliflower" have been observed after insecticides were applied during primordial formation. Eight parameters were measured throughout the production process from the 36 bags. It is possible to get life insurance if a person has cancer. A 2015 paper reports that mushrooms may be an effective immunotherapy for people who are immunocompromised. Many thanks to Keara Giannotti, owner of Camp Creek Run in New Jersey for supplying the image of the young oysters.. To support our efforts please browse our store (books with medicinal info, etc.). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with nine treatments (Table 1). Storage: Leftovers can be refrigerated in an airtight container for up to 3 days. Your email address will not be published. A 2021 study found that higher consumption of mushrooms correlates with a lower risk of cancer. Growth (cap diameter (CD) and stalk length (SL)), yield (total weight of mushroom), and biological efficiency (BF %) were also recorded. Pokhrel Y. R., Ohga S. Effects of physical factors and synthetic media on mycelial growth of Lyophyllum decastes. After the mushrooms are harvested, they are weighed and packaged for shipment to market (Figures 7a-d). Effects of substrate composition on yield and biological efficiency of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth, 2021, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; n = 20. 9: 243-248. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Mushroom Appreciation LLC, Fools Funnel: Identification of a Deadly Beauty, The Enigmatic Wrinkled Peach: Identification Guide, The Train Wrecker Mushroom: Identification, Foraging, and Cooking, Unmasking the 7 Deadliest Poisonous Mushroom Species in the US, Mushroom Identification Pictures and Examples, Chasing the Chicken of the Woods (Facts, Identification, and Recipes), Oyster Mushroom: Identification, Foraging, and Cooking, Chanterelle Mushrooms: Identification, Foraging, and Look-Alikes. The Japanese call it Hiratake, which means the flat mushroom. More data might offer compelling research in favor of oyster mushrooms, find that there is no benefit at all, or even find that they are harmful. spawn (Figure 6a-d). Mushroom supplement containing protein and a time delay coating. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA. Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) 4,534,781. Means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p 0.05) by the Tukey multiple range test. 1991. In some cases, it may be possible to cure the disease with the right treatment. Yield and size of oyster mushroom grown on rice/wheat straw basal substrate supplemented with cotton seed hull. Sci. Bonatti M., Karnopp P., Soares H. M., Furlan S. A. Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus.They are among the most popular of wild edible mushrooms.They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. Fungi of the genera Cladobotryum and Verticillium, known to cause disease of A. bisporus, are rarely encountered in Pleurotus spp. Specialty mushrooms and their cultivation. Only recirculated air is used for cooling and air distribution. World production of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) We independently select these productsif you buy from one of our links, we may earn a commission. The reviews authors emphasize the antiproliferative benefits of certain polysaccharides in oyster mushrooms. BS drafted the manuscript. Proper ventilation of the growth room was assured by opening the door and windows 2-3 times a day and using an air conditioner [6]. As consumers become more aware of the additional culinary characteristics offered by a variety of mushrooms, demand for oyster mushrooms will increase. Oyster mushroom for cancer: Research, uses, and more - Medical News Today The development of improved technology to cultivate each species more efficiently will allow the consumer price to decline. Figure 8. We are aware that this study is not free from limitations. OYSTER MUSHROOM: CULTIVATION, BIOACTIVE SIGNIFICANCE AND - ResearchGate Background Menge District has long been inhabited by people who have a long tradition of using wild mushrooms mainly as food, source of income, and medicine. The bags were supported by steel racks, which were disinfected with 70% alcohol. In this regard, the potential use of water hyacinth biomass (a troublesome aquatic weed) as an alternative substrate is worthy of being studied.
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