These have been compiled from a number of sources including: The Mighty Eighth: A History of the Units, Men and Machines of the US 8th Air Force, by Roger Freeman, 1986, Arms and Armour. (a) Telephone request from OP50D-1 of 14 April 1947. The Luftwaffe lost 42 fighters, with 3 killed, 26 missing and 9 wounded (includes the Me 410 and Bf 110 multiple manned aircraft), This page was last edited on 30 May 2023, at 08:02. John Basilone. The armada next encountered German flak, which inflicted even more casualties. The death toll amounted to 2,894, fewer than might have been expected because the raid took place in daytime with relatively few incendiary bombs. History of the United States Air Force - Wikipedia The 8th Air Force attacks St. Nazaire and loses seven bombers to a new German anti-aircraft tactic called predicted barrage in which Nazi ground gunners fire a lethal box of explosives into the air, hitting bombers who attempt to maneuver through the enemy airspace. Loss of Mosquito FBVI NS828 RAF SwantonMorley. The American forces target German government centers and railway stations filled with civilian refugees. United States World War II Casualty Records FamilySearch January 28, 1942:The Mighty 8th Air Force The following night, 1,000 were killed and 100,000 made homeless. Hell's Angels - Air Force Historical Support Division World War II Casualties edit. 515 Lancasters and 15 Mosquitos (530 aircraft) despatched to Berlin. In the midst of so many devastating raids, one of the most significant air battles of the war has frequently been overlooked. By Robert Blanchard February 12, 2019 World War II was immense. The USAAF official history gives a figure of about 75%. 316 Lancasters dispatched with four Mosquitos carrying out diversionary laying of flares to distract defences. On the night of 7 June 1940, it dropped eight bombs of 250kg and eighty of 10kg on the German capital. [21] Only in 1943 did Harris have both the means and the opportunity to put his belief in area bombing into practice. Eisenhower and Spaatz made it clear that the attack on Berlin was of great political importance in that it was designed to assist the Soviet offensive on the Oder east of Berlin, and was essential for Allied unity.[41][42]. The bombers drop more tonnage than any other single day of the war, helping to turn the course of the battle. This ongoing project documents a basic service history of individuals. During the offensive against Germany, Americans faced a moral and strategic dilemma. Over the next few months, over 3,000 V2s are fired at various Allied locations, causing over 7,250 military personnel and civilian casualties. About 23 February, the VIII BC moved to England, first to Daws Hill and later to High Wycombe, where it established its wartime headquarters in the Wycombe Abbey school for girls. Because of the dry weather conditions, several firestorms ignited. September 17, 1945 Over two million American servicemen passed through Britain during the Second World War. Kamenir, Victor, "Soviet Navy Over Berlin", Addison p. 102, gives the political background to the raid. Sgt. 37 Lancasters, 2 Halifaxes, 1 Mosquito (8.7% of the force). It could be bombed only at night in summer when the days were longer and skies clearwhich increased the risk to Allied bombers. Consequently, American air commanders exhibited particular zeal in their spring 1945 campaign. A British study shows thatRAFbombing is typically inaccurate, with only 20% of aircrews navigating to within five miles of their assigned targets. Escorted by fighter planes for the first time both to and from their targets, 710 bombers take part in the largest daylight raid thus far over Kiel, Germany. In 1944, at the height of activity, up to half a million were based there with the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). 47 aircraft (7.6%) lost. In a surprise early morning attack, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and declares war on the U.S. and the U.K. Four days later, Germany and Italy will declare war on the U.S. as well. For over four hours, Hamburg burned. January 31, 1945:American Principles During the previous two weeks, the American bombers had encountered little fighter resistance on their daylight bombing raids. Berlin was the main target. June 12, 1942 Daylight bombing raids conducted by Bomber Command involved unacceptably-high losses of British aircraft, and bombing by night led to far lower British losses but was of necessity indiscriminate because of the difficulties of nocturnal navigation and bomb aiming. Please join the 306th Bomb Group Historical Association. History: World War II Eighth Air Force was established as VIII Bomber Command on 19 January 1942 and activated at Langley Field, Virginia on 1 February. The Germans correctly identified that Berlin was the target. RAF Kings Cliffe Buildings not to belisted. That's nine 9/11s every day for six years. Although more than 175 B-24s participate in the operation, only 33 will be in working order after the raid. TheRAFwill continue to use Mosquito aircraft extensively in their strategic night raids. The RAF records state that the bombing appeared to have been spread well up- and down-wind. Medium Navy bombers, accompanied from 12 August by Army bombers, conducted ten raids from Saaremaa island to Berlin with 312 aircraft in each raid, fifty in total reaching Berlin. P.O William Davis (Eagle Sqn) March 18th 1941, 1st Lieutenant John E. Morse 379th BG RAF Kimbolton. The Air Force came of age in World War II. Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt meet at the White House for the Washington/Arcadia Conference and agree to build up American air power in England. "It will cost Germany the war. In addition, Army Air Force leaders looked ahead to their postwar fight to become an independent service and secure appropriations for a permanent strategic bomber force. April 25. On March 7, units of the American 9th Armored Division captured the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen and established a bridgehead over the Rhine River, the largest remaining obstacle confronting American forces in their drive into Germany. This is written up the in the book "Bloody Skies: U.S. Eighth Air Force Battle Damage in World War II." There is a B-17G tail gunner's compartment on display at the 390th Bomb Group Memorial Museum, which is dedicated to this crew. googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; September 1, 1939 WWII Begins The fire lasted for four days until it had burnt everything combustible in its range to ashes and after it had reached waterways, large thoroughfares, and parks that the fire could not jump over. Trail 47 Northumberland The schooling of GroundAttack! April 30, 1945 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II To achieve this, they agree upon a combined bomber offensive: the British will strike at night, while the Americans will bomb by daylight. Leslie Manser VC. The key to the Flak area were three huge Flak towers (Flaktrme), which provided enormously tough platforms for both searchlights and 128 mm anti-aircraft guns as well as shelters (Hochbunker) for civilians. At these rates Bomber Command would have been wiped out before Berlin. Veterans' Database | National Museum of the Mighty 8th Air Force Adolf Hitler's secret mission to Otto Skorzeny during the Ardennes Counteroffensive would rely on deception, employing English-speaking troops in US Army uniforms and equipment. History. More than 900 bombers and over 550 fighter escorts the largest force ever sent against a single city to date begin the bombing of Berlin. 29th December 1944 Disaster at RAF Waterbeach, Trail 19 Northamptonshire (American Ghosts Part II). During the whole of 1942 there were only nine air alerts in Berlin, none of them serious. Berlin was the main target. [16] Heavy Army bombers, operating from near Leningrad, executed one raid to Berlin on 11 August, with only few machines reaching the target. By this time cumulative effect of the bombing campaign had made more than a quarter of Berlin's total living accommodation unusable. Rosters of World War II Dead (all services) FS Library microfiche 6362382-6362392. August 6, 1945 Accordingly, No. I have pictures of him and his plane where he was stationed in Thurleigh England. March 7, 1945:Nazis in Retreat He was 8th Air Force 306th bomb group 369th squadron Fightin Bitin unit. The bombing was . Only a few German attackers will hit the bombers, and 3/4 of the Luftwaffe fighter pilots will be killed in action. Berlin was the main target, and was attacked by 440 Avro Lancasters aided by four Mosquitos. Allied forces activate theVIIIBomber Command, the first operational element of the 8th Air Force, to coordinate and lead the air attack on Germany. This was a loss rate of 5.8%, which was above the 5% threshold that was considered the maximum sustainable operational loss rate by the RAF. This was the most effective raid by the RAF on Berlin. Eighth Air Force (Heavy BG) Losses During World War II German forces are pushed back and defeated, ending the Battle of the Bulge. A New Memorial to Honour Those Who Never CameHome. [50], The Nazi regime was well aware of the political necessity of protecting the Reich capital against devastation from the air. To increase their lethality, the German fighters lined up abreast and fired their rockets into the bombers at close range. Sgt. Here is information about :Steady Hedy. P/O. Flying Officer John Cruickshank V.C. The Nazis condemn this raid as an example of Allied terror bombing.. 9 DB-3 bombers of the Baltic Fleet, operating from Kuressaare airfield on Saaremaa island (9 reached Berlin, dropping 5.4 tons of bombs). The damage to the Berlin railway system was extensive. February 3, 1945 The German Luftwaffe lost just three pilots. The 8th Air Force bombs train yards in Dresden, Germany, killing 500 civilians. 46 aircraft, 6.8 per cent of the force. A pioneer who both reflected and shaped an era, she was the deciding vote in cases on some of the 20th centurys most controversial issuesincluding race, gender and reproductive rights. Fragments of the bombers rained down over the German countryside, while six American fighters that engaged the German defenders were also shot down. Lt. General Ira Eaker is removed from his command with the 8th Air Force and transferred to command air operations in the Mediterranean theater. Later that day, No. Glider Pilot Casualties > National Museum of the United States Air Gerald Murray, Chairman, Air Force Association. No aircraft were lost. Tobin was one of many young American fliers who went to war for Britian prior to U.S. entry into the struggle against the Nazis. Trail 8 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part1), Trail 9 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part2), Trail 10 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part3). Attn: Mr. Van Wyen--Aviation History, Room 4929. For several days, British and American forces bomb transportation hubs, oil refineries, bridges and roads in occupied Europe, including dropping 81,110 tons of bombs on the French railway system. June 10, 1943 February 1942 Citizens of Hitlers Third Reich also could not escape the horrors of war. Trail 45 Essex Part 2: Castle Camps andWethersfield. Of the 18 Flying Fortress aircraft deployed, only two will be damaged, and all will return after the successful bombing of railroad yards in Rouen-Sotteville. These were great propaganda raids whichmuch as the Doolittle Raid on the Japanese home islands had done for boosting American morale in April 1942were a severe embarrassment for the German leadership. Every day from Sept. 1, 1939-Aug. 14, 1945, 27,000 people were killed. Trail 63 The Twelve Airfields ofThe New Forest Now There is Only One, Robert C Frascotti, USAAF, 352nd FG, 486th FS. Bombing of Berlin in World War II - Wikipedia Air Force Combat Units of World War II. The Enola Gay, part of the USAAF's 509th Composite Group, drops the Atomic bombon Hiroshima, Japan. RAF Scampton What does the future hold? Lt. Jack Watson 303rd BG. The casualties suffered by the Eighth Air Force were about half of the U.S. Army Air Force's casualties (47,483 out of 115,332), including more than 26,000 dead. Due to the cross winds the bombing was inaccurate and to the south of the city, but two more of the, Berlin was the main target. These attacks were intended to both destroy Germany's war industries and to deprive its civilian population of their housing, thus sapping their will to continue the war. Within the air corps casualties were inflicted on the very small proportion of the Army Air Corps who were air crew. The attack, named Operation Gomorrah, will leave more than 13 square miles destroyed and kill more civilians than the Germans entire Blitz over Great Britain in April 1942. Norman Cyril Jackson VC. [38], 1,500 bombers of the Eighth Air Force, protected by some 1,000 fighters attacked the Berlin railway system on the forenoon (British: morning) of 3 February 1945 in the belief that the German Sixth Panzer Army was moving through Berlin by train on its way to the Eastern Front,[39] thinking the Sixth Panzer Army would use the Tempelhof railyards for the move. V-EDay Europeans flock to the streets in celebration of the victory over the Nazis one day after the German Army surrendered to the Allied expeditionary force in Reims. The bombs used in this raid consisted mostly of high explosive ordnance and not incendiary munitions. Tail markings of the 1st Air Division, 40th Combat Wing, 306th Bomb Group, 369th Squadron. Colonel Thomas J.J. Christian Jnr. TheRAFattacks Berlin for the first time using Mosquito planes, unarmed bombers known for their speed. For this . (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). RAF Bodney (Trail 8), Rear Gunner Flight Sergeant Nicholas S. Alkemade, 115 Squadron RAF Witchford (Trail 11), B-17 Pilot 1st Lt.D. 'Black Thursday': The bleakest day for U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II As part of a strategy to discourage Nazi morale, theRAFbombs Darmstadt, Germany and the resulting firestorm kills more than 10,000 people. Combat and operational losses for the Soviets tallied 17 aircraft destroyed and 70 crewmen killed. AFA Statement on Loss of Historic B-17: Painful - Air Force Association Until that time, Allied bombers avoided contact with the Luftwaffe; now, the Americans used any method that would force the Luftwaffe into combat. [6] The policy was abandoned on 15 May 1940, two days after the German air attack on Rotterdam, when the Royal Air Force was given permission to attack targets in the Ruhr, including oil plants and other civilian industrial targets that aided the German war effort, such as blast furnaces that at night were self-illuminating. The first B-17 Flying Fortress arrives in Great Britain, earning its name from its heavy armament and ability to return from missions despite sustaining extensive damage. 800 bombers drop 4,000 tons of explosives and incendiaries on Dresden, Germany targeting the train yard and passenger station. In November 1943, he was assigned to the 357th Fighter Group, 8th Air Force in Great Britain, where he took part in 108 combat missions for a total of 460 combat hours in the North American P-51 Mustang. if ( 'querySelector' in document && 'addEventListener' in window ) { A diversionary raid by 13 Mosquitos on Berlin. Correction. 210 Sqn (RAF), Flt. May 7, 1945 In total, 24 bombers and six fighters were lost on the mission. Raids continued until April, when the Red Army was outside the city. As Heard on the BBC: RAF Kings Cliffe Time is runningout! Adolf Hitler issues an order that all shot down Allied airmen are to be shot or lynched on capture.. Historian Donald Miller called the ensuing battle the most tremendous air battle of 1945. The German force consisted of three dozen jets and an equal number of piston engine fighters. Estimates of the total number of dead in Berlin from air raids range from 20,000 to 50,000; current German studies suggest that a figure in the lower part of this range is more likely. By March 1945 the AAF would make raids with more than 500 heavy bombers, accompanied by American fighters deep into Germany. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. From February 13 to February 15, 1945, during the final months of World War II (1939-45), Allied forces bombed the historic city of Dresden, located in eastern Germany. In addition, many U-Bahn stations were converted into shelters. February 26, 1945 8th Air Force | Oakland Aviation Museum - OAM Site Hi Matt. Up till about 1943 the 8th was, except for the uniforms, the bombers and the men, equipped by the British. April 20, 1943 was Hitler's 54th birthday. (A) Aviation Personnel Fatalities in World War II from 7 December 1941 to 31 December 1946. U.S. President Franklin Rooseveltdies, leaving Vice President Harry Truman in charge. Thank you for your time and consideration, Thank you for your comment. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill appoints Air Marshal Arthur Harris to Commander in Chief of the Bomber Command in order to carry out the new strategy of theRAF. Trail 28 Southern Norfolk (part 4) Fersfield. Summer 1944 Marine Corps. Ldr. In response to Allied bombing that the Nazis call terror raids, the German air force the Luftwaffe bombs Exeter, England, in part of its Baedeker Blitz.. If you dont see it, check your spam/junk folder. Arthur Louis Aaron, V.C., D.F.M., 218 Sqn, RAF Downham Market. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; 1,329 Allied bombers and 700 long-range fighters meet heavy resistance by German jets and fighters over Berlin. In response to bad press and a diplomatic crisis sparked by this mistake, General Spaatz issues a directive that only military objectives are to be attacked. 361st FG RAF Bottisham. Major George Preddy 352nd FG A tragicloss. [49] This compares to death tolls of between 25,000 and 35,000 in the single attack on Dresden on 14 February 1945, and the 42,000 killed at Hamburg in a single raid in 1943, with both the Hamburg and Dresden raids combined having a lower casualty total than the 9/10 March 1945 Operation Meetinghouse single firebombing raid on Tokyo, devastating some .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}40.9 square kilometres (15+1316sqmi) causing the loss of at least 100,000 lives in the Japanese capital. The head of the Air Staff of the RAF, Sir Charles Portal, justified these raids by saying that to "get four million people out of bed and into the shelters" was worth the losses involved. Owing to the previous devastation of Berlin and the untold number of refugees in the city, it is impossible to know the exact number of Germans killed in the raid. Western and Southern districts, covered by partial cloud, were hit in what the RAF records state was the most concentrated attack of this period. 1,200 U.S. bombers strike Berlin in an attempt to disrupt the communications of the already impaired Nazi army. General Ira Eaker flies with the first B-17 Flying Fortress strike on occupied France. "Hell's Angels" was assigned to the 358th Bomb Squadron, 303rd Bombardment Group (H) and flew from RAF . The VIII Fighter Command was constituted initially as 8th Interceptor Command at Selfridge Field, Michigan on 19 January 1942.Assigned the 4th and 5th Air Defense Wings, the command's mission was air defense over the north central United States. (LogOut/ Trail 28 Southern Norfolk (Part 4)Fersfield. In 1945, the Eighth Air Force launched a number of very large daytime raids on Berlin, the last of them being on 18 March (there were bombing raids to Falkensee and Spandau, near Berlin, on 28 March),[37] the 15th Air Force launched its only bombing mission to Berlin on 24 March,[37] and for 36 nights in succession scores of RAF Mosquitos bombed the German capital, ending on the night of 20/21 April 1945 just before the Soviets entered the city. [34] Fierce battles raged and resulted in heavy losses for both sides; 69 B-17s were lost on 6 March but the Luftwaffe lost 160 aircraft. Your email address will not be published. The 334, fighter squadrons, which were part of the, Group, were all formed in 1942 out of the remnants of the American all-volunteer RAF formations, the so-called, . This report leads to a major shift in Britains bombing strategy, shifting away from military targets and towards the main residential and industrial centers in Germany. More than 8,000 men were killed in training accidents or other non-operational flying during the Second World War. They hopefully help as a guide to overall losses within the various groups. Date 18 Jun 2018 14:30:39. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. I did come across this file on Tony Woods website http://www.ww2.dk/wood.html A downloadable document listingGerman losses of JG2 between 1940-42. Enclosure (A) is forwarded herewith in answer to reference (a). If you click on the highlighted Station name, it will take you to the relevant Trail within the blog. A beacon of hope rose in Mid 1943. var googletag = googletag || {}; In extensive air-to-air fighting with German planes over Bremen, the 8th Air Force loses 16 unescorted bombers due to heavy anti-aircraft artillery but are able to damage more than half of Bremen's Focke-Wulf airline production factories. Lt. William G. Rueckert, 93BG, 409BS, RAFHardwick, Sgt. Arthur Louis Aaron, V.C., D.F.M., 218 Sqn, RAF DownhamMarket, Sqn. The Mighty 8th will dominate the American strategic air war against Germany, though it will become a part of the larger U.S. Strategic Air forces in a reorganization early in 1944. October 14, 1943 Lt. William G. Rueckert, 93BG, 409BS, RAF Hardwick, Sgt. https://www.306bg.us/ Are you on Facebook? U.S. forces cross the Rhine River in Germany. Sustaining unprecedented damage, the Luftwaffe will lose an average of 300 aircraft per week. Change). My grandfather Erwin Tank Keepman, Jr. was bombardier on the Steady Hedy. The second major raid was on the night of November 2223, 1943. Loss of Mosquito FBVI NS828 RAF Swanton Morley. August 23, 1944 The worst aircraft accident in the UK duringWW2. Of all the people killed in this attack over 95% of them can be expected to be civilians.. Berlin was the main target. Trail 8 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part 1), Trail 9 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part 2), Trail 10 Swaffham and Her Neighbours (Part 3). Note: the placement of the Bomb Groups on the map does not accurately indicate their actual locations in England. Trail 50 Haverhills neighbours Wratting Common and Great Sampford. [44] First Air Division commander Lt. Col. Rosenthal was among those shot down and survived, but was rescued by the Soviet armed forces and eventually returned to England. [48] Half of all houses were damaged and around a third uninhabitable, as much as 16km of the city was simply rubble. You are at a gateway to WWII discussion, research, exploration, & analysis. Sobering Stats: 15,000 U.S. Airmen Killed in Training in WW II Implementing this policy, the United States looked toward Berlin. Trail 41 The Borders of Scotland and England. [8], Between 1939 and 1942, the policy of bombing only targets of direct military significance was gradually abandoned in favour of "area bombing", the large-scale bombing of German cities to destroy housing and civilian infrastructure. Eighth Air Force | American Air Museum On the morning of March 18, 1,329 bombers and 733 fighters of the US Eighth Air Force formed up over England and set a course for northern Germany. General Eaker had warned General Spaatz that the operation would absolutely convince the Germans that we are the barbarians they say we are, for it would be perfectly obvious to them that this is primarily a large-scale attack on civilians as, in fact, it of course will be. American and Soviet Armies meet at the Elbe River. Lt W. E. Metzger. J. Gott and 2nd. Remembering WWII's "Black Thursday" In All 25 Percent of the Attack 33 Lancasters were lost, which was 6.4 per cent of the heavy force. Trail 5 de Havilland Aircraft Salisbury Hall. When Carl Spaatz directs General Jimmy Doolittle to bomb targets in the center of Berlin, Doolittle warns that this attack will violate the basic American principle of precision bombing of targets of strictly military significance.. The mission of the "Mighty Eighth" is to safeguard America's interests through strategic deterrence and global combat power. The last flight of Joe Kennedy and Wilford Willy (RAFFersfield). Smit, Erik/Evthalia Staikos/Dirk Thormann, This section is based on Rrup, chapter 1, a major change in fighter defense of USAAF strategic bomber formations, "bomber command | mines laid | flight august | 1945 | 1571 | Flight Archive", Appeal against aerial bombardment of civilian populations, "Design and Construction of Typical German and Japanese Test Structures at Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah", 27 May 1943, The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Leaping the Atlantic Wall Army Air Forces Campaigns in Western Europe, 19421945, Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection, "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces: February 1945", "100th Bomb Group Foundation Personnel LT COL Robert ROSENTHAL", "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities & the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II&oldid=1157679624. Trail 43 The National Museum of Flight East Fortune. Its free, and you can find information about your grandfather by using the Search Option. This new bomber stream tactic will become the standard for air force operations until 1944. It was also attacked by aircraft of the Red Air Force in 1941 and particularly in 1945, as Soviet forces closed on the city. [23], The first raid of the battle occurred on November 1819, 1943. As U.S. participation in World War II looks more likely, Secretary of War Henry Stimson establishes the Army Air Forces, a reorganization of the previous Air Corps that enables increased autonomy within the U.S. War Department. The attack results in 446 airmen killed or missing, 54 wounded and 79 captured as POWs. Attempted raids had been halted by bad weather on 3 March. The Air War over Europe - ArcGIS StoryMaps [40] This was one of the few occasions on which the USAAF undertook a mass attack on a city centre. Air War from 1939-1945 | American Experience | PBS Raids continued until March 1944. One mission would include the flyable aircraft that took part. "[31] It has been largely acknowledged that the Battle of Berlin was a failure; for the RAF,[31] British official historians have stated that "in an operational sense the Battle of Berlin was more than a failure, it was a defeat". More than 1,200 aircraft and 27,000 men transfer to operations in the Mediterranean. On March 6, the German Army launched a final offensive near Lake Balaton in Hungary in a bid to protect valuable oil fields in the region. Hewitt Dunn 104 Missions with the 390th(Framlingham), Col. Ashley Woolridge; Flew 106 Missions in aB-26, Georges Nadon Spitfire pilot, flew 277sorties, Sqn. [9] With the technology available at the time, the precision bombing of military targets was possible only by daylight, and it was difficult even then. RAF Metheringham. Colonel Thomas J.J. Christian Jnr. There were 261 fighter aces and 305 gunner aces in the Eighth in World War II; 31 of those fighter aces exceeded 15 or more aircraft kills. Several other buildings of note were either damaged or destroyed, including the British, French, Italian and Japanese embassies, Charlottenburg Palace and Berlin Zoo, as were the Ministry of Munitions, the Waffen SS Administrative College, the barracks of the Imperial Guard at Spandau and several arms factories.
Health And Christianity,
Read Json Array In Java Using Jackson,
Arbitration Clause In Settlement Agreement,
2271 Hamburg Street Schenectady, Ny,
Articles H
