He was Machiavelli's main inspiration while writing The Prince.[35]. For example, Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610 the court of Toledo tortured approximately a third of those processed for Protestant heresy. The War of the Alpujarras (156871), a general Muslim/Morisco uprising in Granada that expected to aid Ottoman disembarkation in the peninsula, ended in a forced dispersal of about half of the region's Moriscos throughout Castile and Andalusia as well as increased suspicions by Spanish authorities against this community. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The first texts that questioned the Inquisition and praised the ideas of Voltaire or Montesquieu appeared in 1759. [151] There are numerous records of the opinion of ordinary Spaniards of the time that "the Inquisition was devised simply to rob people". As the world became smaller and foreign relations became more relevant to stay in power, this foreign image of "being the seed of Jews and Moors" may have become a problem. From 1531 to 1560 the percentage of conversos among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. This loss of influence can also be explained because the foreign Enlightenment texts entered the peninsula through prominent members of the nobility or government,[140] influential people with whom it was very difficult to interfere. It could only be applied when all other options, witnesses and experts had been used, the accused was found guilty or most likely guilty, and relevant information regarding accomplices or specific details were missing. Jos Mara Zavala, "Isabel ntima" (Intimate Isabella), Planeta editorial. The murder of Inquisidor Pedro Arbus in Zaragoza on 15 September 1485, caused public opinion to turn against the conversos and in favour of the Inquisition. The lack of separation of powers allows assuming questionable fairness for certain scenarios. "LA INQUISICIN ESPAOLA".Jos Martnez MillnAlianza Editorial Bolsillo(2010). Even those were treated as Christians. Expulsion of Jews from Spain - Wikipedia He offers striking statistics: 91.6% of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530 and 99.3% of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin. "The Salazar Documents: Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar Fras and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution. "[92] For the next few centuries, while the rest of Europe was slowly awakened by the influence of the Enlightenment, Spain stagnated. Moreover, skeptics like Inquisitor Salazar and Bishop Figueroa pointed out the flaws in the Basque accusations. Which accusation started the investigation isn't always clear. (Thought and Idea Propagation across the Mediterranean: The Role of Translators) Cuenca: Servicio De Publicaciones De La Universidad De Castilla-La Mancha, 1997. Canessa De Sanguinetti, Marta. Indeed, many Jews who resided in the neighboring provinces of Lrida and Gironda and in the kingdom of Valncia had also been affected,[20] as were also the Jews of Al-Andalus (Andaluca). [30] These authors do not necessarily deny the abuses of power but classify them as politically instigated and comparable to those of any other law enforcement body of the period. The Inquisition also appears in 20th-century literature. This is What Happened to Muslims and Jews after the fall of Islamic La Inquisicin En La poca Moderna: Espaa, Portugal E Italia, Siglos Xv-xix. [65] Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return were gradually absorbed by the dominant culture. Through the Spanish Inquisition, Isabella and Ferdinand created a personal police force and personal code of law that rested above the structure of their respective realms without altering or mixing them, and could operate freely in both. At first, inclusion in the Index meant total prohibition of a text. [54], During the eighteenth century, the number of conversos accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly. And King Ferdinand himself was said to have remote Jewish ancestry on his mother's side.[7]. [82] In general the Inquisition maintained a skeptical attitude towards cases of witchcraft, considering it as a mere superstition without any basis. At Torquemadas urging, Ferdinand and Isabella issued an edict on March 31, 1492, giving Spanish Jews the choice of exile or baptism; as a result, more than 160,000 Jews were expelled from Spain. Editorial Planeta (this source is a Catholic apologist). These accusations and images could have direct political and military consequences at the time, especially considering that the union of two powerful kingdoms was a particularly delicate moment that could prompt the fear and violent reactions from neighbors, even more if combined with the expansion of the Ottoman Turks on the Mediterranean. Both the Roman Inquisition and neighbouring Christian powers showed discomfort with Aragonese law and lack of concern with ethnicity, but to little effect. Abou Al Fadl, K. (1994). Anti-semitic attitudes increased all over Europe during the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century. While sentences of innocence could be given at any point in a trial for multiple crimes, sentences of culpability only appear once the trial is over and all investigations opened against the accused are closed. It began toward the end of the Reconquista and was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. The results of the trial could be the following: Frequently, cases were judged in absentia, and when the accused died before the trial finished, the condemned were burned in effigy. Jews particularly had surprising freedoms and protections compared with other areas of Europe and were allowed to hold high public offices such as the counselor, treasurer or secretary for the crown. [citation needed], Despite some popular accounts, modern historians state that torture was only ever used to confirm information or a confession, not for punitive reasons. Causes The institution of the Spanish Inquisition was ostensibly established to combat heresy. The response from the tribunal, paraphrased, which could be to dictate the sentence, but often was to require either further clarification from the witness (restarting the procedure from the second step) or call for another type of proof (restarting the procedure from the sixth step). [25] Some even received titles of nobility and, as a result, during the following century some works attempted to demonstrate many nobles of Spain were descended from Israelites.[26]. Most importantly, the moriscos had integrated into the Spanish society significantly better than the Jews, intermarrying with the population often, and were not seen as a foreign element, especially in rural areas. Once the bull of creation was granted, the head of the Inquisition was the Monarch of Spain. 40,00060,000). When the Inquisition opened an investigation in an area, inquisitors typically would offer comparatively light penances to those who were willing to admit their own involvement in heresy. Did anyone expect the Spanish Inquisition? In general, all "people from the book" were permitted to practice their own customs and religions as far as they did not attempt proselytizing on the Christian population. Finally, trials were often further complicated by the attempts of witnesses or victims to add further charges, especially witchcraft. A. Tedeschi et al. In 1691, during a number of autos-da-f in Majorca, 37 chuetas, or conversos of Majorca, were burned. [136] They took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours; ecclesiastical and civil authorities attended. From Jesus' command to "love your enemies" to the idea of "holy war" is a giant leap. The Inquisition never stopped in Spain and continued until the late 18 th century. In the early 16th century, the Reformation, the Counter-Reformation, and the Inquisition were in full force in most of Europe. Torture and Punishment During the Spanish Inquisition - HowStuffWorks Kamen argued that the Inquisition was not nearly as cruel or as powerful as commonly believed. [120] The recently opened Vatican Archives suggest even lower numbers. Like the bible of Cisneros they were mostly for scholarly use, and it was customary for laymen to ask religious or academic authorities to review the translation and supervise the use. Crypto-Jews were allowed to confess and do penance, although those who relapsed were executed.[47]. Anyone accused of espionage due to non-religious reasons would likely be investigated for heresy too, and anyone suspected of a heresy associated to a foreign power would be investigated for espionage too automatically. Other civil employees were the nuncio, ordered to spread official notices of the court, and the alcaide, the jailer in charge of feeding the prisoners. Leyendas Negras de la Iglesia. In case of discrepancies, the Suprema had to be informed. It is important to note that the enforcement of the expulsion of the moriscos was done really unevenly, especially in the lands of the interior and the north, where the coexistence had lasted for over five centuries and moriscos were protected by the population, and orders were partially or completely ignored. [131] The potro, the rack, in which the limbs were slowly pulled apart, was thought to be the instrument of torture used most frequently.[132]. (1997). In the Kingdom of Aragon, a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition was established by the statute of Excommunicamus of Pope Gregory IX, in 1232, during the era of the Albigensian heresy, as a condition for peace with Aragon. There are several hypotheses of what prompted the creation of the tribunal after centuries of tolerance (within the context of medieval Europe). Alternatively, the enforcement of Catholicism across the realm might indeed be the result of simple religious devotion by the monarchs. This event must be understood in the context of the fierce civil war and new politics that Peter the Cruel had brought to the land, and not be confused with spontaneous anti-semitic reactions to the plague seen in northern Europe. Machiavelli considered piety and morals desirable for the subjects but not so much for the ruler, who should use them as a way to unify its population. [40] In 1483, Ferdinand and Isabella established a state council to administer the inquisition with the Dominican Friar Toms de Torquemada acting as its president, even though Sixtus IV protested the activities of the inquisition in Aragon and its treatment of the conversos. Making counterfeit currency and heretic proselytism were also treated similarly; both of them were punished by death and subdivided in similar ways since both were "spreading falsifications". If the sentence was condemnatory, this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fe (more commonly known in English as an auto-da-f) that solemnized their return to the Church (in most cases), or punishment as an impenitent heretic. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Leuven in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. There was a mass exodus and hundreds . In 1813, the liberal deputies of the Cortes of Cdiz also obtained its abolition,[145] largely as a result of the Holy Office's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion. As a result, the land-holding power of the Church was reconsidered, in the seoros and more generally in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress. These tribunals were marked by the severity of questioning, lack of rights of the accused, and rigorous punishment. Likewise, as Catholic theology evolved, once-prohibited texts might be removed from the Index. Spanish Inquisition - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Similarly, Aragon's ambitions lay in control of the Mediterranean and the defense against France. Of those permanently expelled, the majority finally settled in the Maghreb or the Barbary coast. According to Don Hasdai Crescas, persecution against Jews began in earnest in Seville in 1391, on the 1st day of the lunar month Tammuz (June). The literature of the 18th century approaches the theme of the Inquisition from a critical point of view. Madrid: Akal, 1997. To obtain a confession or information relevant to an investigation, the Inquisition used torture, but not in a systematic way. Madrid: Palibrio, 2011. pp. The Inquisition had the authority to try only those who self-identified as Christians (initially for taxation purposes, later to avoid deportation as well) while practicing another religion de facto. p. 192 pp259. Likewise, some religious crimes were considered likely to be associated with non-religious crimes, like human trafficking, procurement, and child abuse was expected to be associated to sodomy, or sodomy was expected to be associated to heresy and false conversions. This prejudice climaxed in the summer of 1391 when violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Spanish cities like Barcelona. One of the most important works about the inquisition's relation to the Jewish conversos or New Christians is The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (1995/2002) by Benzion Netanyahu. Among those who do, there are also discrediting voices regarding the nature and extent of the Inquisition's abuses. Its main differentiation characteristic was that, as opposed to both civil trials and other inquisitions, it had very strict regulations regarding when, what, to whom, how many times, for how long and under what supervision it could be applied. The number of years for which cases are documented varies for different tribunals. [23] After the public violence, many of the converted "felt it safer to remain in their new religion. Pogroms, individual acts of violence against Jews and anti-Semitic laws . Religion motivated both acts: In Salem, colonists had left the Church of England and taken up Puritanism, a religion by which they wanted everyone to abide. [36][pageneeded]. "[24] Thus, after 1391, a new social group appeared and were referred to as conversos or New Christians. Anderson, James Maxwell. In the first half of the 18th century, 111 were condemned to be burned in person, and 117 in effigy, most of them for judaizing. [9], The legislation regarding Muslims and Jews in Castilian territory varied greatly, becoming more intolerant during the period of great instability and dynastic wars that occurred by the end of the 14th century.
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